Preterm birth as a Global Public Health Challenge- Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Preterm birth remains a major global public health challenge and is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although advances in neonatal care have improved survival rates, the global prevalence of preterm birth has not declined and, in many settings, continues to rise. This highlights the persistent and multifactorial nature of its underlying causes. This study aims to identify and summarize the main epidemiological characteristics and risk factors associated with preterm birth in order to support preventive strategies. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed original research articles in English that addressed the prevalence and risk factors of preterm birth. Data from selected studies were extracted and synthesized qualitatively. The findings indicate that the prevalence of preterm birth varies significantly across regions, with higher rates observed in low- and middle-income countries. Socioeconomic inequalities and limited access to healthcare services play a crucial role in increasing the risk of preterm birth. Conclusions: Preterm birth is strongly associated with a combination of socioeconomic, demographic, and medical factors. Strengthening antenatal care services and addressing modifiable risk factors are essential steps toward reducing its global burden.