Phytocannabinoids and Obesity: A systematic review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Metabolic Effects

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition of multifactorial origin, closely associated with insulin resistance and hepatic dysfunction. Given the limitations of current therapeutic approaches, phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa have been investigated as modulators of energy metabolism. This systematic review aimed to assess the metabolic effects of cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabinol (CBN) on obesity and glucose regulation. A total of 14 studies were selected (8 in animal models and 6 in humans) from PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. CBD showed anti-inflammatory activity, increased glucose uptake, and promoted adipose tissue browning. Chronic THC use reduced weight gain and hepatic steatosis, while CBN exhibited mild anti-inflammatory properties. In human studies, regular cannabis users showed lower body mass index, improved insulin sensitivity, and a more favorable lipid profile. Although these findings are promising, the lack of controlled clinical trials hinders translational application. Future research should focus on standardized dosages, delivery methods, and long-term safety in specific populations.