Artificial Intelligence in oral Healthcare: Focus on Oral Medicine and Radiology

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in dentistry, particularly in the fields of Oral Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, where accurate diagnosis relies heavily on the interpretation of radiographic findings and clinical patterns. In Oral Medicine, AI has been extensively explored for the early detection, classification, and risk assessment of oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders. Advanced computational approaches, including machine learning algorithms, fuzzy logic systems, and probabilistic neural networks, have demonstrated promising results in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and predicting disease progression. In Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, AI applications encompass automated analysis of panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for the detection of dental caries, periapical pathologies, periodontal bone loss, temporomandibular joint disorders, and maxillofacial fractures. Furthermore, advancements in digital imaging and automated diagnostic systems highlight the expanding role of AI in improving image interpretation, reducing diagnostic errors, and optimizing clinical workflow. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current applications, benefits, and limitations of AI in Oral Medicine and Radiology, while emphasizing the need for robust validation and ethical implementation. Overall, AI holds significant potential to enhance diagnostic precision, support clinical decision-making, and improve patient outcomes in modern dental practice.