Insight into the Emerging and Common Experimental invivo Models of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus stands as a chronic metabolic disorder marked by elevated blood sugar levels due to deficiencies in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Experimental in vivo models serve as crucial tools in comprehending the onset, progression, and potential treatments for this condition. This paper offers insights into a range of experimental in vivo models, both established and emerging, utilized in diabetes research. Commencing with well-established models such as chemically induced diabetes using agents like streptozotocin (STZ) and alloxan, as well as genetic models like leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and insulin-deficient (Akita) mice, this review delineates how these models replicate specific facets of diabetes pathophysiology, thereby enabling researchers to delve into underlying mechanisms and evaluate therapeutic interventions. Moreover, emerging models including dietary-induced obesity and diabetes, alongside transgenic models targeting particular genes within insulin signaling pathways, are explored. These models shed light on the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences contributing to diabetes progression. Additionally, the review underscores advancements in employing non-traditional animal models such as zebrafish and Drosophila, offering unique prospects for studying conserved metabolic pathways and facilitating high-throughput drug screening. Furthermore, the integration of cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and optogenetics into experimental models enhances their utility in elucidating the molecular intricacies underlying diabetes pathogenesis and identifying novel therapeutic targets. In summary, this review emphasizes the significance of experimental in vivo models in advancing our comprehension of diabetes mellitus, showcasing a diverse range of models accessible to researchers. Leveraging these models can expedite the development of innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus.